TRAVELING 
UNDER ORDERS 




MAJOR WILLIAM E. DUNN 



■ : 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 



Books by 
Major WILLIAM E. DUNN, N. A. 

TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 
A Guide-Book for Tkoops en route to France 
INFANTRY OFFICERS' HANDBOOK 
OF ARTILLERY INFORMATION 



HARPER & BROTHERS, NEW YORK 
[Established 1817] 



TRAVELI NG 
UNDER ORDERS 

A Guide-Book for Troops 
en Route to France 

BY 
Major WILLIAM E. DUNN 



FIELD ARTILLERY, NATIONAL ARMT 




HARPER fcf BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 
NEW YORK AND LONDON 






FEB 21 1918 



Traveling Under Orders 



Copyright, 1018, by Harper & Brothers 

Printed in the United States of America 

Published February, 1918 



^ A-S 

0GI.A4817 



A.^ I 



CONTENTS 

CHAP. PAGE 

Preface vii 

I. Preliminary Preparations 1 

II. Journey by Rail 13 

III. The Sea Voyage 23 

IV. Arrival in France 41 

V. By Rail to the Training-camp .... 47 

VI. At the Training-camp 49 

VII. Marching Across France 51 

VIII. Billets and Billeting 54 

IX. Arrival at the Front 62 

X. Conclusion 64 

Appendix 66 



PREFACE 

This guide-book contains notes on the voyage 
to France of one of our first regular batteries 
of field artillery to be sent on foreign service. 
It is hoped that the information and suggestions 
contained therein will be of service to other 
organization commanders ordered on foreign 
service. 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

Due to the necessity for secrecy in troop 
movements, notification of a troop movement 
_ . c . and the travel orders therefor will 

Notifications , • l i i i i 1 -ntr t\ 

and Travel be withheld by the War Depart- 

Orders. m i i -i i 

ment until the last possible mo- 
ment. This puts a burden upon the organiza- 
tion commander of preparing his organization 
for movement under the handicap of shortage 
of time. He must, accordingly, have his pre- 
liminary preparations thought out and as much 
of this work completed as can be done before- 
hand, well before the receipt of travel orders. 

Some preliminary information about the con- 
templated movement of troops will begin to 

drift in, in the form of rumors. Later an of- 

1 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

ficial communication will be received, stating 
that such and such organizations will constitute 
a division of expeditionary forces that will 
shortly be sent on foreign service. The com- 
manding officer of these troops will probably 
not make this communication public, but will 
issue certain necessary instructions to prepare 
the troops under his command for a quick de- 
parture upon receipt of actual travel orders. In 
all this preliminary information a strict secrecy 
will be maintained as to the particular port of 
embarkation, the number of troops in the move- 
ment, of ships in the fleet of transport and the 
actual time of sailing. The actual travel orders 
usually give about twenty-four hours' time for 
entraining and departure from the station. 

An organization commander must make his 
plans in advance and arrange the packing of his 

organization property so as to have, 
^tte t TtS£ e during each stage of the journey, 

the particular property ready for 
use as it is required for that stage. The trip 
may be divided into the following parts: 

(1) The movement by train to the port of 
embarkation. 

(2) The voyage at sea aboard the transports. 

2 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

(3) Debarkation and base cantonment. 

(4) Journey by rail to the training-camp. 

(5) Time at the training-camp. 

(6) Marching across France to the front. 

(7) Arrival at a sector of the fighting front. 
A captain must know something about the 

conditions he will encounter during each of 
these stages in order to make intelligent prepa- 
rations for his company or battery. He must 
make his plans in packing his organization 
property so that articles required for any par- 
ticular stage of the journey will be on hand ready 
for use during that stage. In the haste of final 
departure he will not have time to make an 
intelligent selection or wise provision for such 
needs. This part of his plans should be arranged 
before the receipt of travel orders. 

The season of the year will determine what 
clothing must be worn by the men on the trip, 
„«. «... and also what should be carried in 

What Clothing . , . . . . , 

to Take on their barrack-bags and what may 
safely be packed and boxed with 
company or battery property. 

Troops leaving a Southern training-camp 
must not forget that they are liable to en- 
counter much colder weather, especially if they 

3 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

are to embark at one of our Northern ports, or 
if the convoy of transports is to take a northern 
route across the Atlantic. Absolutely no word 
of preliminary information will be given out on 
either one of these particulars. To be on the 
safe side, therefore, a captain must make his 
plans and arrangements so that his men will be 
comfortably clothed if sent by the northern 
route. If he is then so fortunate as to encounter 
the milder weather of the Gulf Stream, no harm 
will have been done by his forethought and 
provision for other eventualities. In regard to 
clothing, it must also be remembered that there 
will be practically no facilities whatever for 
any laundry-work from the date of departure 
to the date of landing in France. Every en- 
deavor should be made, accordingly, to take 
as ample a supply of underclothing as it is 
possible for the men to carry in their barrack- 
bags. 

The actual length of the journey by train 
depends, of course, upon the distance from the 
«„_ «,,,» station where the troops are en- 

What Will Be . . i. i i , • 

Needed on the trained to the port oi embarkation. 

Train. _ . i • 1 

Jbor a journey that is known to 
require five or six days, it is wise to draw a 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

supply for ten days' rations, in order to be pre- 
pared for any unforeseen delay. 

Provision must be made to feed the men 
aboard train during their journey by rail. All 
railroads have a very limited number of kitchen- 
cars. It is probable, therefore, that each organi- 
zation will have to install its field-ranges in a 
baggage-car, to be used as a kitchen-car. 

The mess sergeant and cooks should be in- 
structed beforehand on the method prescribed 
by the War Department for building a sand-box 
on the floor of a baggage-car and of securing 
the field-range thereon, so that meals can be 
prepared aboard train. One baggage-car so 
arranged is sufficient to contain the organiza- 
tion kitchen and ten days' supply of rations for 
approximately two hundred men. 

If available, tourist sleeping-cars will be fur- 
nished. The men will need aboard the train 
their mess-kits and usual toilet articles. If the 
journey is to be made during the winter, it is 
wise to have them take their blankets also. 
Individual barrack-bags, with such clothing as 
the men take with them but do not need on the 
journey by rail, will be marked with a man's 
name and number, and be placed in a second 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

baggage-car — other than the one used for a 
kitchen. 

At sea, also, the men will need their mess- 
kits, blankets, and toilet articles. During the 
what wui voyage food will be prepared by 

Be Needed the ship's mess, so that all organi- 

zation mess property can be packed 
and stored upon completion of a journey by 
rail. 

In regard to rations remaining, it is well to 
turn all perishable articles into the ship's mess, 
for use of the organization, and carefully to box 
such as will keep and can be used at the base 
cantonment upon debarkation. 

Upon debarkation in France, troops will be 
held at the base cantonment until they can be 

what win Be sent ^y ra ^ to their training-camp. 
Needed at Base At the base cantonment, men will 

Cantonments. i i • iiii i i 

need their cot beds, bed-sacks, and 
blankets, barrack-bags containing a supply of 
clothing, mess-kits, and toilet articles. 

Rations must be drawn immediately upon 
landing, the field-ranges and mess property se- 
cured from the hold of the ship and set up as 
soon as possible at the camp. It is well to re- 
member this, and to make sure while loading 

6 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

ship that the mess equipment is placed where 
it can be unloaded first. 

Sufficient lumber for boxing all organization 
property may be obtained by requisition on the 
Quartermaster. Boxes are then 
Packing up. made and marked with the organi- 
zation stencil. The organization 
commander should go over, with his supply 
sergeant and the officer who is in charge of 
organization property, his plans for the troop 
movement. These plans should be made so 
that property needed at any stage of the voy- 
age can be readily gotten at. The best way is to 
pack property by units, wherever possible, 
so as to avoid mixing lots and articles. It is a 
cause of unnecessary confusion to have a variety 
of miscellaneous articles jumbled together in 
packing. So far as it can be arranged, pack all 
articles of a kind together. This greatly facili- 
tates the listing of the contents of each box. 
It also enables the supply sergeant readily to 
get at any particular article desired. The supply 
sergeant is then able to prepare a list of con- 
tents of each box of property with numbers of 
the boxes. 

All mess property must be marked, and pro- 

7 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

vision made for packing small articles and 
kitchen utensils at embarkation. This not only 
facilitates transferring it from train to ship, but 
insures that all mess property will be together, 
ready for use upon debarkation. It is well to 
carry a crate for the field-range, and boxes for 
such articles of rations as remain upon com- 
pletion of the train journey. 

One or more boxes of books, magazines, and 
reading-matter for the men aboard ship should 
be taken in the baggage-car with 
Matte?" the barrack-bags. These are not to 

be listed on the organization prop- 
erty and must be kept separate from boxes which 
will be packed in the hold of the ship as cargo. 

Provision must be made to have the following 
articles available for use in the office: type- 
writer, field-desk, containing ser- 
offic? lzatlon vice records and the usual supply 
of selected blank forms, also army 
regulations, court-martial manual, and a limited 
supply of stationery. 

It is well to remember that property boxed 
for shipment will be packed in the hold of the 
transport as cargo, the hatches will be closed 

down, and it will be impossible to obtain any 

8 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

such boxes or articles during the course of the 
voyage at sea. Accordingly, property that will 
Property to be needed during the journey at 
5S Hildas sea must be kept separate from the 
cargo. property to be packed in the hold. 

It must go aboard ship by a different route. It 
is best to keep all property for the voyage to- 
gether in the baggage-car and arrange to have 
it taken aboard the ship with the men. It can 
be stored temporarily in the space assigned to 
the organization for sleeping-quarters. This 
class of property includes such articles as the 
company or battery office, the barber-shop, 
men's barrack-bags, surplus kit-bags, and bags 
of reading-matter. 

Settle all bills and accounts, have the mess 

sergeant keep a list of his purchases from each 

^ firm, so that he can close his ac- 

What to Do 

Preparatory counts on any day. A captain can 
then mail a check to each firm, 
upon receipt of travel orders. 

Have the men ship home all personal property 
they will not be able to take with them on the 
trip. In this connection, orders from regimental 
or higher authority will prescribe what articles 
must be taken. It will be possible, through the 

9 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

facilities afforded each man, to pack a little 
more than this list of articles in his barrack- 
bag. All other clothing can be arranged in in- 
dividual packages and boxed by a section or 
platoon for shipment as organization property. 
The articles specified to be carried in surplus 
kit-bags are to be packed in these bags, and the 
surplus kit-bags should be taken to the men's 
sleeping-quarters for use during the ocean voy- 
age. 

The Company Fund is an important detail. 
After all bills have been settled it is well to 
convert the Company Fund into a United States 
Treasury check by deposit of cash with the 
Quartermaster, as a higher rate of exchange can 
be obtained for this check than for gold, silver, 
or any form of currency. 

Officers are wise if they ship home the bulk 
of their personal property and take with them 
only such equipment as is absolutely necessary. 
It is only an annoyance in the field to be bur- 
dened with a mass of articles for which one has 
little use. 1 

Quartermaster property, over and above 

1 In the appendix suggestions are given as to the necessary 
articles of an officer's equipment. 

10 



PRELIMINARY PREPARATIONS 

Equipment C, will undoubtedly be ordered 
turned in to the Quartermaster. Some artillery 
organizations will probably be ordered to turn in 
their wheeled material and their horses and 
animals. It is essential that invoices and re- 
ceipts for property turned in be prepared, and 
arrangements made for tur ning over such prop- 
erty and obtaining receipts for the same before 
the departure of the organization. This may 
not always be possible, but it greatly facilitates 
the system of records and accounting in each 
department if such receipts can be obtained be- 
fore departure. A field return must be sub- 
mitted upon departure. 

Travel orders fix the time of departure so as 
to allow about twenty-four hours for loading. 

In this time camp must be struck, 
for e EnSig. all property not already packed 

must be boxed and listed, and the 

entire organization property must be placed 

aboard the train. Final settlement and closing 

out of all accounts, commercial and financial, 

must be completed, so that finally, when the 

men are marched aboard the train, nothing 

remains unsettled to follow the organization 

commander to France. The wise commander 

11 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

keeps a supply of cash on hand for purchases 
en route. 

As a usual thing, this amount will not exceed 
one hundred dollars of the Company Fund. 
The mess sergeant and cooks should be placed 
in charge of preparing the kitchen-car for the 
journey. As has been stated, it is wise to take 
a ten days' supply of rations. Wood for a few 
meals only can be carried in the kitchen-car. 
However, wood should be loaded aboard the 
flat-cars, on which escort wagons are loaded to 
last for the entire journey. Nothing is more 
vexatious than to run out of wood and have to 
wait ten or twelve hours to reach a station where 
it can be procured. 



II 

JOURNEY BY RAIL 

The system of loading property aboard the 
train should be organized as follows: 

Trucks are obtained from a Quartermaster to 
haul the property from the camp to the train. 
After a certain number of trucks 
x?3i? 8 have been assigned to an organiza- 

tion, a non-commissioned officer 
must be detailed to remain permanently with 
each truck, both in going to and returning from 
the train. Otherwise, an organization com- 
mander will soon find his trucks busily engaged 
in hauling for other outfits. A loading detail 
should load the trucks at camp, and another 
detail at the train unload them and place them 
aboard the designated cars. 

It is wise to separate at the camp the property 
that is to go on the kitchen-car, in the baggage- 

13 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

car, the mass of property to be shipped in box- 
cars, and, if there is any, the property to be 
loaded aboard flat-cars. The non-commissioned 
officer in charge of a truck can then be told on 
which car his truck-load of property is to be 
placed. One of the lieutenants, assisted by the 
supply sergeant, must be given supervision of 
loading the trucks at camp; another at the train 
has supervision of loading the cars. 

Escort wagons are to be "knocked down," so 
as to economize space. If the organization has 
a light wagon for use of the mess it should be 
shipped with the escort wagons. In this con- 
nection, remember that it is impossible to pro- 
cure a light wagon in France. The amount of 
transportation there is limited, and the con- 
venience of a light wagon to an organization is 
far greater even than in the United States, 

An inspection of the train is necessary to as- 
certain if the passenger-cars are provided with 
water, and whether or not there are toilet con- 
veniences and supplies and gas for the lights, if 
the cars are not electrically lighted. Passenger- 
cars must be inspected for cleanliness. 

A guard should be placed on the train at 
night, to provide for the security of property on 

14 



JOURNEY BY RAIL 

board, if the loading cannot be completed in one 
day. The officer in command of a troop-train 
must obtain from the Quartermaster transporta- 
tion for the number of men to go on his train. 
If this is obtained in the form of a transportation 
request, it should be signed and indorsed for the 
actual number of men on the train. In most 
cases, this will be less than the number first esti- 
mated for and marked on the face of the trans- 
portation request. When all organization prop- 
erty has been loaded on the train, the men will 
then get their personal equipment, the organiza- 
tion will fall in and march as a unit to the train. 

The first sergeant will be in charge of assign- 
ing the sections to their cars. The senior non- 
commissioned officer in each car will be in charge 
of the car during the journey by rail. If tourist 
cars are provided, men will be assigned to berths 
at the rate of two men for each lower berth and 
one for each upper berth. Officers get one 
Pullman berth each. 

A careful check of the number of men aboard 
train ought to be made before leaving, as both 
train conductor and Pullman conductor will 
check their account against the organization 
commander's account. Berths occupied in the 

15 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

sleeping-car in excess of the number allotted by 
the above ratio will be entered on the Pullman 
conductor's train-sheet, and eventually, after a 
lapse of several months' time, the organization 
commander will receive from the War Depart- 
ment a letter requesting him to explain why a 
charge for the same should not be deducted 
from his pay. This means that the commanding 
officer is required to pay out of his personal 
funds for berths occupied in excess of allowance 
and reported by the Pullman conductor on his 
train-sheet. 

It is usual to notify the Quartermaster, who 
furnishes the transportation of the actual num- 
ber of men aboard train on its departure. A 
field return is submitted to the department 
commander upon leaving. 

An important point is that the train be so 
made up that the kitchen-car is near the center 
of the passenger-cars. This reduces 
by J Raii! ey the distance food has to be carried 

when serving meals. The cooks 
can then be assigned berths near the kitchen- 
car. Arrangements should be made to have one 
cook sleep in the kitchen-car at night, as a 
guard. The usual detail of kitchen police must 

16 



JOURNEY BY RAIL 

be made, and a detail of waiters to carry the 
food in the large boilers, when serving meals in 
the cars. A wise arrangement is to have all 
meals served at regular hours. 

Make ample arrangements for boilers of hot 
water, for use in cleaning mess-kits. Waste food 
should be emptied in the garbage-cans, never 
thrown out of the windows. When thrown out 
of the windows of a moving train it quickly 
renders the car filthy for its entire length. 

It is wise to see that there is no let-down in 
the discipline aboard train. Reveille and break- 
fast need not be at an early hour. Sufficient 
time should elapse between reveille and break- 
fast for the men to wash up and for all berths to 
be made up for the day. Meals ought never to 
be served in the car until the berths have been 
made up. After breakfast, mess-kits are re- 
turned to the packs and the packs stored under 
the seats, the car having previously been swept 
out for morning inspection. 

The commanding officer should make an in- 
spection of the train at least once a day, to see 
that the cars are properly policed and that 
sanitary conditions are maintained, that order 
and discipline are enforced aboard the train. 

17 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Berths made down and lights out by 9 p.m. 
is a good rule, and a regular hour should be 
prescribed for sick call. 

It will be found necessary to carry out the 
following special regulations aboard train: 

First. Men will be officially notified, through 
the first sergeant, of the stations at which halts 
will be made and of the duration 
Regulations of a halt. At such halts, it will be 
wise to have at least part of the 
time devoted to exercises in company or battery 
formation. The organization can be marched to 
some street near the railroad yards, where it will 
be practicable to have a few minutes of exercise 
at double time. This feature of exercises is very 
necessary, -because of the sudden change from ac- 
tive life at camp to the inactive one aboard train. 

Second. The order that no man is to leave 
the train without permission must be strictly 
enforced. If discipline in the organization is 
such as to render it necessary, guards can be 
stationed at each entrance of the cars, to be on 
duty at every halt, to see that no man leaves 
the train without permission. 

Third. No intoxicants allowed aboard the 

tra'n. 

18 



JOURNEY BY RAIL 

Fourth. No gambling allowed. 

Fifth. Smoking not to be permitted in bed. 

The following instructions should be given in 
regard to conversations with persons not mem- 
bers of the organization: 

At each place where the train stops there 
will always be a greater or less number of 
civilians who are interested in seeing a soldier, 
and who will ask many questions, such as, 
"Where are you from?" "Where are you go- 
ing?" "How many of you are there?" and 
"What outfit is this?" Men should be in- 
structed to return a courteous answer and to 
inform the civilians that all such questions relate 
to military information, which they are for- 
bidden by orders to divulge. 

It will usually be necessary to do a certain 

amount of work in the organization office aboard 

. . train. It is wise, therefore, to have 

Organization . 

office Aboard the typewriter and field-desk where 
they can be used. The following 
lists have to be prepared, to be furnished to the 
commanding officer at the port of embarkation : 
(a) List of all officers of the command, with 
their rank. This is usually furnished to the 
commanding officer of the port of embarkation 

19 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

by telegraph at least twenty-four hours before 
arrival of the troop-train, so that the assignment 
of state-rooms aboard the transports may be 
made. 

(b) List of the total aggregate enlisted 
strength of each organization, so that organiza- 
tions may be allotted the proper number of 
bunks for sleeping-space. 

(c) Typewritten list of both officers and men 
of the organization, with the name and address 
of the person to be notified in case of emergency. 
This list must be submitted before the transport 
sails. 

At the end of the railroad journey, mess prop- 
erty must be packed for transfer aboard ship. 
The property pertaining to the office r 7, plus 
kit-bags, barrack-bags, barber-shop, and offi- 
cers' personal baggage must be taken aboard 
ship separately from the property to be stored 
in the hold. 

A good deal of confusion is caused in mixing 

the property of different organizations that is 

to be stored in the hold. This is due to the fact 

that the property of a number of organizations 

is taken from a train to the ship at the same 

time. If it can be arranged by the regimental 

20 



JOURNEY BY RAIL 

supply officer to keep organization property to- 
gether by lots, much of this confusion can be 
eliminated. 

The commanding officer of the port of em- 
barkation has arranged, in numerous in- 
stances, to have troops arrive at a railroad 
terminal at a time when there is little com- 
mercial traffic. This results in going aboard 
ship at night. 

An officer meets incoming troops, to act as 
guide and give them the necessary information 
about transferring men and property from the 
train to a ship. Find out from him what details 
of working parties are necessary in order to 
handle property, and what the local arrange- 
ments are for handling it. 

The following regulation is very strictly en- 
forced : 

No officer or man, having gone aboard the 

transport, is allowed to leave the immediate 

vicinity of the dock on which the property is 

stored. In fact, he is not permitted to leave a 

ship unless on duty in a working party handling 

property. It may be taken for granted that, 

once having set foot aboard ship, one does not 

leave it until arrival in France. 
3 21 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Letters to be mailed at the port of embarka- 
tion are required to be turned in to the Quarter- 
master. They are probably held 

Arrangements „ .. ' f .. ,„ v , . 

in Regard for some little time betoie bemg 

mailed, so as to reduce the possi- 
bility of information concerning a troop move- 
ment becoming generally known. It is well 
for organization commanders to inform their 
men of the rules of censorship which govern the 
American Expeditionary Force. These rules 
prescribe that no mention shall be made in any 
letter of places, transports, troop movements, 
or details of military information. 

All mail is personally censored by an officer of 
the organization, and if passed by him he signs 
his name on the face of the envelope to indicate 
that it contains no matters of military informa- 
tion forbidden by the rules of the censorship. 



Ill 

THE SEA VOYAGE 

When the organization is marched aboard 
ship it proceeds at once to its sleeping-quarters, 
where the men are assigned to 
shi P Board bunks. The bunks are usually ar- 

ranged in tiers of three, with aisles 
between just wide enough to permit the pas- 
sage of a man. The bunks are numbered, 
and each man keeps his personal property in 
his bunk. 

It will usually be found that life-preservers 
have been distributed, one to each bunk, before 
the arrival of the troops. It is necessary for the 
first sergeant to make arrangements to reserve 
bunks for any men absent on working parties 
on the piers. 

The usual orders regarding police of quarters 
and arrangement of bunks continue aboard ship. 

23 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Space on the mess-deck is set aside for serving 

meals. Meals are prepared in the ship's galley, 

usually by the ship's cooks, as- 

Arrangement • . -i i • . • i • p 

for Meais sisted by organization cooks it 

Aboard Ship. ^ ° 

necessary. 

On army transports, an officer is detailed to 
have supervision of the mess. He will have 
charge of all arrangements pertaining to the 
preparation of meals, regulations in regard to 
meal formations, and the hours at which each 
organization is to eat. Some plan must be 
worked out for times and places of meal forma- 
tions, so that organizations may follow one an- 
other in rotation without confusion. It is not 
possible to feed all the men aboard ship at one 
time. 

The good order maintained in an organization 
during meal formation is an indication of the 
discipline of the command. A sergeant should 
be detailed in charge of each organization at 
meal formation. 

It is customary to have the mess sergeants 
on duty as assistants to the mess officers, for 
the supervision of kitchen police, for supervision 
of the mess-deck during meal formation, and for 
notification of the next organization as to when 

24 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

to form for meals. With nothing to do aboard 
ship, men would fall in line for meal formation 
a long time in advance, if the matter were left 
to their own inclination. Crowding and jamming 
during meal formation are signs either of poor 
discipline or of failure of ship's mess to provide 
sufficient food. There will be a great deal of 
confusion aboard ship at the first few meal for- 
mations if they are not carefully arranged and 
supervised. 

It is necessary to get out at once an order 
stating the times of meal formation for the 
various organizations and the order of rotation 
in which they will be served. This matter is 
settled by arrangement between the Adjutant 
and the mess officer. 

There is a daily inspection of ship by the 
police officer, accompanied by one of the ship's 
police of officers. This is usually held at 

?n U sp r ec e t?on n of 10 a.m. By that time, the room or- 
Ship * derlies of each organization should 

have their part of the ship cleaned and ready 
for inspection. All bunks should be carefully 
arranged by the men occupying them. 

Receptacles for waste are usually placed on 
both the sleeping and the promenade deck. 

25 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Those on the sleeping-deck must be in the form 
of half-tubs or half-barrels, which can be used 
by seasick men, and cleaned readily. 

Waste must be taken to the furnace-room and 
burned. It is not permitted to throw waste 
overboard, due to the fact that it tends, in many 
ways, to disclose the course of the convoy. 

Arrangements must be made to keep latrines 

and lavatories in a sanitary condition. Sea 

water is used in these, as well as in 

ments Aboard the baths for enlisted men. On 

Ship. , 

some ships heating arrangements 
have been made, so that hot water can be ob- 
tained in the baths. The supply of fresh water 
is limited to drinking purposes only. Owing to 
the number of troops aboard ship, care is neces- 
sary in saving it, that it may last for the length 
of the voyage. 

A special soap is necessary for use with sea 
water. Men must be cautioned not to attempt 
to use the ordinary kinds of soap, as these form 
a coating very hard to wash off. 

There are usually no laundry arrangements 
aboard ship. It is sometimes possible for the 
men individually to wash a limited supply of 
underwear in the sea water, but this is not per- 

26 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

mitted on some ships, because of difficulties in 
drying laundry, due to lack of space. 

It is necessary for organization commanders, 
by careful personal inspection, to assure them- 
selves of the personal cleanliness of their men 
during the voyage. This is especially so if the 
voyage is made during winter weather. 

A certain number of men are due to be seasick 

during rough weather. Some men are relieved 

by walking in the fresh air on deck, 

seasickness. others are better able to withstand 

seasickness by lying down. 

Provision must be made, on the decks devoted 
to sleeping purposes, for keeping quarters clean 
and as well ventilated as possible. Foul, ill- 
ventilated quarters will increase the number of 
seasick men. 

A large number of men will be crowded in 
close quarters aboard ship. There will be noth- 
ing like the amount of space that 

Planning the ... 

Arrangements was available tor organizations m 

Aboard Ship. _ D i 

barracks or tents at camp. It there 
is to be any semblance of order aboard ship, or 
arrangement by which one organization does 
not interfere with another, the officers in charge 
of the troop movement must take immediate 

27 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

steps to familiarize themselves with arrange- 
ments aboard ship. 

On both army and navy transports there will 
be one officer of the Quartermaster Corps, 
United States Army, permanently detailed 
aboard ship in charge of matters pertaining to 
troops. He will assign bunks and deck space to 
organizations for sleeping purposes. If he has 
made at least one trip with troops aboard the 
transport, he will be able to inform the com- 
manding officer of the best arrangements to 
make in regard to the following particulars: 

(1) The ship's mess, and hours and places for 
meal formation of different organizations. 

(2) Deck space allotted to troops for exercise. 

(3) Deck space allotted to troops for "fire 
drill " or "abandon ship." 

(4) Deck space reserved for officers. 

(5) Location of second-Hass passengers' mess 
for first sergeants, sergeant-majors, etc., and the 
location of toilets and lavatories for troops. 

Each organization commander makes his own 
reconnoissance of the ship in order to familiarize 
himself with the conditions under which his men 
will have to live during the voyage. He will 
then be able to carry out regimental orders 

28 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

intelligently and plan the best arrangements 
within his own organization. It is probable that 
regimental orders will prescribe a scheme of 
guard duty aboard ship. 

It should be impressed upon the members of 
all organizations that the purpose of these regu- 
lations is to make it possible for large numbers 
of men to live within restricted limits aboard 
ship without seriously interfering with one an- 
other. Sentinels on guard will be posted at 
various points aboard ship to see that certain 
special regulations concerning the use of that 
portion of a ship are carried out. He has no 
personal discretion in the matter; he receives 
an order which he is required to enforce. He 
will be punished if he does not enforce it. He is 
required to report those who do not obey him. 
If a disobedience is open and flagrant, he is re- 
quired to arrest the offender and turn him over 
to the commander of the guard. Trained and 
experienced soldiers have learned from their 
military experience the necessity of respect for 
a sentinel and of obedience to his orders. Inex- 
perienced men are apt to make the mistake of 
disobeying an order for which they may not be 
able to see the immediate necessity, or, when 

29 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

posted as sentinels, they may lack the necessary 
force and determination to carry out their orders 
and instructions in a manner which will insure 
obedience. 

The state of discipline in a command is indi- 
cated both by the manner in which sentinels 
carry out their orders and the manner in which 
members of the organization comply with orders 
received from a sentinel. 

It goes without saying that if certain neces- 
sary orders and regulations are not heeded or 
carried out during the course of the ordinary 
day's work aboard ship, there will be no hope 
of having orders carried out which are necessary 
to insure the safety of the command in case of 
accident or disaster aboard ship. 

It is, therefore, a wise idea to use every 
means to build up such a state of discipline in 
the command that, if the occasion demands it, 
there will be a certainty of orders being properly 
carried out on such occasions as fire at sea or the 
necessity of abandoning ship. 

Deck space aboard ship is crowded in all 
transports. The amount of room for exercises 
is not nearly adequate for all commands. This 
will be remedied somewhat by arranging a 

30 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

schedule of exercises for the different organ- 
izations. Exercise is a necessity aboard ship. 
Men who have been accustomed 
Aboard to leading an active outdoor life at 

camp cannot suddenly change to 
the inactive life aboard train and ship without 
being seriously inconvenienced thereby. 

The only opportunity the men will get for 
real exercise aboard ship will be in the half -hour 
or hour during which deck space is assigned to 
them by the regimental schedule. The officers 
usually plan to take full advantage of this lim- 
ited time, so as to give their men a period of 
vigorous physical exercise daily. Cold, inclement 
weather and icy decks will render exercise al- 
most an impossibility during many winter days. 
Devices such as tug-of-war teams, using cleated 
boards for footholds, enable a vigorous form of 
exercise to be held in a limited space. 

The discipline in a command is indicated 
even by such things as the forms of amusement 
. and the manner in which the men 

Aboard conduct themselves off duty. Pro- 

fanity and boisterous loud talking 
are a sure mark of lack of discipline in an organi- 
zation. They point out the organization that 

31 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

will first go to pieces and quit on the job when 
confronted by hardships, or that will give way 
to panic when confronted by danger. In a well- 
disciplined organization men are too proud to 
render either themselves or their organization 
conspicuous and make it a mark for unfavorable 
comment by their lack in the essentials of sol- 
dierly appearance. In a well-disciplined organi- 
zation neither officers nor non-commissioned 
officers have to secure obedience by force of 
lung power. 

It is, of course, the desire of every organ- 
ization commander to avoid any appear- 
ance even of panic in his organization in 
case of danger at sea. The manner in which 
every duty is performed aboard ship can be 
made a matter of training to accomplish this 
end. 

As has been remarked, this is particularly so 
in regard to the performance of guard duty 
aboard ship, and the respect and obedience paid 
to sentinels. By training non-commissioned 
officers of an organization to be careful in the 
performance of the supervision of such work as 
falls under their charge, these men can be 
trained to be the organization commander's as- 

32 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

sistants in obtaining and maintaining a proper 
state of discipline in the command. 

There is a psychological principle involved 

in a frequent repetition of this class of drills. 

. In a time of stress and accident, the 

and Battle human mind automatically works 

in the channels to which it has 

been trained by force of habit. 

A fire drill repeated morning and afternoon, 
daily, will greatly decrease the amount of con- 
fusion that will take place in case of an actual 
fire at sea. 

At fire drill, those men of each organization 
specially detailed in charge of fire-extinguishers 
and of fire-hose go at once to the posts assigned 
them. The remainder of the organizations take 
their life-preservers and proceed to take sta- 
tions assigned their organizations. 

The question of where life-preservers shall be 
stored is an important one in connection with 
these drills. If it is winter weather and the men 
are mostly below-deck, it is more or less a case 
of delay and confusion for the men crowding up 
companionways encumbered by bulky life- 
preservers. Some organizations have adopted 
the plan of having life-preservers stored at 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

the place where the organization falls in for 
drill. 

It is recommended to make an actual trial, 
during the drills held the first few days at sea, 
to determine the best and most efficient method 
of handling life-preservers. When determined, 
this method can be adopted and the men ac- 
customed to its use before they reach the so- 
called war zone. Weather conditions and the 
season of the year enter into the consideration 
of the problem. If the season of the year is such 
that some organizations can sleep on deck, at 
their place of formation for drill, life-preservers 
can conveniently be used for pillows. The bunks 
below-decks are not supplied with pillows, and 
the life-preserver will, of course, make a con- 
venient pillow in such cases, if a drill can be so 
arranged that delay and confusion do not result 
therefrom. 

No property should be stored on the hatches 
below-decks, or so as to block the free access to 
the companionways. 

Abandon-ship drill is practised to familiarize 
the men with what they will have to do in case 
of accident, rendering it necessary to abandon 
ship. The place of formation, the best method 

34 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

of proceeding to the place of formation so 
as to avoid confusion between organizations, 
the best arrangements in regard 
ship to the place for keeping life-pre- 

servers, should be tested during 
the first few drills, and an efficient and smooth- 
working system devised. 

The following instructions ought to be given 
until familiar to all men: 

The necessity of order and quiet in case of 
any accident or alarm. Panic during excitement 
is an easy thing to start and it spreads more 
rapidly than fire. Orders and direction will go 
unheeded and unheard if men are permitted to 
talk during excitement of an accident. It must 
be impressed upon them that the only persons 
permitted to talk will be {hose concerned in 
giving orders or supervising their execution. 
The rest of the organization are to remain 
strictly at attention. 

If this system is carried out, there will be some 
chance that orders will be heard and obeyed. 
Men will leave the ship only by command of a 
commissioned officer. Officers and non-com- 
missioned officers will see that in case of actual 
necessity this movement is executed in as or- 

35 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

derly a manner as possible. Signs of panic may 
spread so as quickly to place an organization 
out of control. Confusion, haste, or wild rush 
in attempting to enter a life-boat, will result in 
disaster to all. The men must be informed of 
the use of the life-rafts at sea, and of the purpose 
of the life-lines hung over the side of the ship. 

If it is necessary actually to abandon ship, 
a special detail with the life-rafts will shove them 
overboard. Men should adjust their life-pre- 
servers when ordered to abandon ship; go down 
the life-lines in turn, as directed by their non- 
commissioned officers; swim to a raft and hold 
on by the ropes provided for that purpose. 
Enough rafts are provided to sustain all men 
holding on by the hand-holds. A noix-commis- 
sioned officer will leave a ship after all his men 
have left. The commissioned officers of an or- 
ganization will supervise the formation until all 
their men have left. They themselves will be 
the last to abandon ship. 

An officer or non-commissioned officer at any 
raft will take charge of the raft. He will en- 
deavor to have any exhausted man transferred 
to a life-boat. The principal danger in aban- 
doning ship during the winter is from exhaus- 

36 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

tion due to cold and exposure. Heavy woolen 
underclothing should be worn. In the war zone 
it is customary to have the men sleep with 
their clothing on. 

A submarine's only chance to destroy a trans- 
port is to approach unseen to within a distance 
^ ' . at which a torpedo can be fired 

Submarine . , , . , .,. P ■* . m 

watch at with the probability ot a hit. lo 

fire at a moving object requires that 
its rate of speed and direction of motion be 
known, its range, and also the tune that it takes 
a torpedo to travel this distance. 

A submarine must be maneuvered into such 
a position that it can fire ahead of a position 
of a ship, so that the torpedo will encounter the 
ship as calculated. If there is a mistake in 
calculation or in maneuvering the submarine, or 
if the ship itself changes course, a shot may be 
wasted. 

The greater the speed of a ship, the less time 
it takes to pass a given point, and accordingly 
the smaller are the chances for a torpedo, even 
though correctly aimed, of actually reaching its 
target. 

If either a submarine or a torpedo can be 

sighted in time, the ship's course can be altered 
4 37 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

sufficiently to escape attack. A careful watch 
is accordingly kept at sea. The men for this 
watch are especially detailed for intelligence, 
good eyesight, and ability to withstand rough 
weather at sea. They are kept on a permanent 
detail, receive instructions daily in regard to 
duties connected with the watch, what a sub- 
marine looks like, how it operates, what a tor- 
pedo looks like, how to make reports, what to 
report, how to use field-glasses, what to watch 
for and how to watch. 

During the first part of the voyage their 
work is largely practice and training for their 
duties on watch when they reach the war zone. 

The wake of a torpedo is indicated by its trail 
of boiling white foam, due to the escape of 
compressed air used in propelling it. This is 
followed by a streak or slack in the water. The 
watch sighting a wake of a torpedo should re- 
port it at once to the officer on the bridge, 
through a speaking-tube, by calling "Torpedo," 
and indicating its direction — to port or star- 
board, and whether on the bow, beam, or stern. 

The submarine, if sighted, will usually be 
submerged, with only periscope showing. It 
may be sighted in the operation of "porpoising" 



THE SEA VOYAGE 

— that is, coming up to take a sight and sub- 
merging almost immediately thereafter. 

The periscopes show only as little vertical 
lines, extremely difficult to distinguish as the 
distance increases. If a submarine is in motion, 
a white feather of foam may be seen in its 
wake. Because of difficulty in distinguishing 
them and picking them up, the watch is divided 
so that each man on duty watches only a limited 
sector, usually of forty -five degrees. He is re- 
quired to pay no attention to events outside of 
his sector. This is partly for the reason that 
submarines operate in groups, and if all men on 
watch were to direct their attention upon the 
first one sighted, the probability of picking up 
others of the group would thereby be greatly 
lessened. 

The members of the watch are equipped with 
field-glasses; they stand a regular two-hour 
tour of duty on watch, have special quarters 
assigned to them for sleeping purposes, where 
each relief is kept together. They are in- 
structed, in using field-glasses, not to strain 
their eyesight by keeping a glass continually at 
their eyes, but, after each interval . of careful 
searching with the glasses, to alternate a period 

39 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

of careful searching with the unaided eye, so 
as to restore their acuity of vision. 

A ship's speed is increased to the maximum 

in the war zone in order to lessen the chances 

for direct hit. The ship is darkened 

Precautions . - . x p . 

in the at night, so that no ray ot light is 

visible from the exterior. No light- 
ing of matches nor smoking is allowed after 
dusk. All flash-lights aboard ship are collected 
and cannot be used during the voyage. All 
hatchways are kept clear for the exit of troops 
in case of necessity. No articles of waste or 
garbage are permitted to be thrown overboard. 



IV 

ARRIVAL IN FRANCE 

Upon arrival in France, the first thing to be 
done is to arrange for transportation of men and 
property from a ship to the base 
ofDebarka- cantonment. The Quartermaster's 
Department will provide auto- 
trucks for hauling property. The ship's crew 
and stevedores will attend to unloading of prop- 
erty from a ship to the dock. It is always well, 
however, to have a supply sergeant and a detail 
of men present to select their organization prop- 
erty as it comes off a ship, and load it on the 
trucks assigned to their organization. 

Kitchen property and rations are the first 

thing necessary to secure upon landing. If the 

kitchen property has been stored where it can 

be readily gotten at in the hold, it can be taken 

off and sent to camp by the first truck. Requisi- 

41 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

tions for rations should be made out by a regi- 
mental supply officer so that they can be drawn 
from a Quartermaster at the base and issued to 
organizations immediately upon their arrival in 
camp. 

The base camp is usually separated from the 
docks by some considerable distance at each 
port. It is well, therefore, to make arrange- 
ments with the ship's mess to provide meals for 
the working parties left at the dock. 

For artillery organizations it will not be neces- 
sary to move all the property to the canton- 
ment. Such heavy property in bulk as must be 
immediately reshipped to the training-camp 
should be stored in Quartermaster warehouses, 
in order to save labor of hauling it to camp and 
back again. 

It is natural, of course, for each person to 
desire to notify his relatives of his safe arri- 
cabiegrams val. The War Department has, 
AnnouncS 8 however, disapproved of the send- 
Arnvai. j n g Q £ caD l e grams announcing one's 

safe arrival in France. It is, therefore, necessary 
to send such news in the form of a letter, which 
must pass the censor. In order to relieve the 
suspense of relatives in the States, it is well to 

42 



ARRIVAL IN FRANCE 

have them advised of the fact that no news is 
good news, and that they will be notified by 
the War Department in case of death or any 
accident. As long as they receive no such noti- 
fication they can be reasonably certain that 
their relatives in the service continue safe and 
well. 

Each regiment is supplied with an official 
censorship stamp. It is customary to have cen- 
sorship duty performed in each organization by 
one of the lieutenants. An officer's signature 
and "O. K." on the face of an envelope certify 
that the letter contains no matter forbidden by 
the rules of censorship. All letters so certified 
are stamped with the regimental censorship 
stamp without further inspection. 

Officers are required to censor their own letters 
and certify them the same as in the case of 
enlisted men's letters. 

Troops are held in the base cantonment until 
arrangements can be made to send them by 
Duration of train to their training-camp. This 
!a a seca£ e is done as quickly as possible. 

tonment. ^ile ftt the bage cantonmeil t, the 

men are quartered in sets of portable wooden 
barracks. They will need their cot beds, bed- 

43 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

sacks, blankets, and the clothing carried in their 
barrack-bags and surplus kit-bags. Here they 
will have their first real opportunity for washing 
clothes since they left their station in the 
States. 

In regard to the policing of camp, inasmuch 
as one desires to find it clean upon his own 
arrival, it is incumbent to keep it clean and 
leave it in good shape upon departure. 

Aside from exercise and infantry drill, there 
is little military duty to be performed at the 
base cantonment while awaiting 
SmSS™ railroad transportation. The men 

have been a long time aboard train 
and ship, and it is but natural that they should 
be interested in seeing what, for many of them, 
is their first sight of a foreign town. In so far as 
they do not abuse the privilege granted them, 
they may be given permission to visit town at 
hours when off duty. 

At each port of debarkation there is a provost 
guard, composed of marines, who will take the 
necessary steps to arrest and confine such men 
as do not conduct themselves properly. 

It is well to caution one's men not to overdo 
themselves on the consumption of wine. In 

44 



ARRIVAL IN FRANCE 

France there is a distinction made by the mili- 
tary authorities between wines and alcoholic 
liquors. Caf£s are permitted to sell wines, but 
are not permitted to sell liquor — whisky or 
brandy — to persons in the military service. 

Certain hours are prescribed by military order 
during which cafes may be open to persons in 
the military service. These are generally be- 
tween 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. and between 5 p.m. 
and 8 p.m. 

In the summer-time bathing privileges for 
soldiers can be arranged on suitable beaches in 
the vicinity of camp. Before granting passes 
it is well to advise all men as to their con- 
duct on pass, and to make them feel that 
in the eyes of the natives they stand as the 
representatives of our country. Any man who 
goes on pass with this feeling at heart can be 
relied upon to conduct himself with credit to 
his organization. 

All men must be cautioned that seaport towns 
the world over are the resort of a class of persons 
who will attempt to separate a soldier or sailor 
from his money by every device conceivable. 
They should, therefore, be careful as to the class 
of places they frequent. It is a safe rule not to 

45 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

patronize the cheap drinking-places in the vicin- 
ity of the water-front. 

Venereal conditions are proverbially bad in 
all seaport towns, and those at the ports of 
debarkation will be no exception to the rule. 
Men who are going to have to look out for 
themselves on the fighting front will have to 
begin to exercise some intelligence and judg- 
ment in looking out for themselves when granted 
passes and privileges. 



BY RAIL TO THE TRAINING-CAMP 

Until the organization and construction of an 
American system of transportation, our troops 
will be sent by rail over French railways to 
their respective training-camps. French military 
trains are composed uniformly of a fixed number 
of cars. In this number are included flat-cars, 
box-cars, and one passenger-car for officers. 

The box-cars are provided with seats. They 
are marked on the outside, "Eight horses or 
twenty men." After their first journey the men 
seem to prefer to take down the seats and pile 
the lumber so that they can lie in the car, in- 
stead of sitting. When in place, the back of 
the seat runs lengthwise the middle of the car. 
Men using it face outward toward the sides of 
the car. The seats are part of the equipment 
of a military train, and must not be removed 
therefrom. 

47 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

French cars are much smaller than American 
cars. There is no possibility of communication 
between the different box-cars while the train is 
in motion. Accordingly, the following arrange- 
ments are necessary in regard to rations: 

The length of time necessary for the journey 
must be ascertained. Rations for this length of 
time are issued to each section, therefore in 
each car there will be a supply of rations and a 
can of water. As no provision can be made for 
cooking and serving meals, the rations should 
be largely in the form of canned goods that may 
be served without cooking. 

Each chief of section should be placed in 
charge of the rations in his car. A further sup- 
ply, to be issued in case the journey is not com- 
pleted on time, may be carried with the mess 
property, under the supervision of a mess ser- 
geant. 

There are no toilet facilities aboard military 
trains. Accordingly, stops are made at stations 
provided with such facilities. 

Journeys aboard train in the winter-time are 
certain to prove cold and uncomfortable at 
night. Each man should carry his blanket roll 
with him aboard train. 

48 



VI 

AT THE TRAINING-CAMP 

Troops will be held at the training-camp long 
enough to complete the course of instruction and 
training provided for their arm of the service. 
Here, in the case of the artillery organizations 
of our first troops ordered to France, they draw 
an equipment of French artillery and their sup- 
ply of horses. It is also possible at the training- 
camp to obtain a supply of clothing, individual 
equipment, etc., to fully equip the organization 
for service at the front. Sooner or later the 
property shipped from the States arrives at the 
training-camp. In the case of artillery drawing 
new guns and new horses, part of the work 
consists of horse-training and of instruction 
of the gun squads in the service of their new 
material. The same is true of the French 
mortar batteries. 

49 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

The course of training for each arm includes 
instruction on the subject of the tactics devel- 
oped in the course of three years 
??Sn?ng. f of modern warfare. It affords op- 

portunity for the instruction and 
training of numerous specialists rendered neces- 
sary by present conditions of warfare. An 
organization commander also has opportunity 
to improve the discipline in his command and, 
by suitable work and exercises, to improve the 
physical condition of his men and to harden 
them for their work at the front. 

The journey from the home camp to the 
training-camp in France generally consumes 
about a month of time. This is a month's time 
during which the men have had but little op- 
portunity for exercise. Every commander will 
find his men much softer in physical condition 
than they were upon their departure from the 
States. 

Upon completion of the course at the training- 
camp the men should be ready as to physical 
condition, knowledge, and skill, and as to 
morale and discipline, for service at the front. 



VII 

MARCHING ACROSS FRANCE 

Part of the journey to the front will be per- 
formed by marching. This will be true even in 
the case where the journey starts out by rail, 
for the reason that troop movements cannot be 
made by rail all the way to the front. 

Supply-trains to the front are shelled when- 
ever possible. It is, therefore, customary to 
detrain troops far enough in the rear to be 
beyond observation or shell-fire. At least one 
day's journey to the front will be made by 
marching. 

A series of excellent road maps is pub- 
lished by sections covering different por- 
tions of France. These maps are called cartes 
taride, and are sold in all parts of France. 
They correspond to our automobile maps in 
the States, and it is extremely convenient to 

51 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

have one giving the section of the country in 
which one is located. 

French roads and highways are kept in excel- 
lent condition. Their villages in the country 
differ from ours, in that it appears to be the 
custom, instead of having individual farm- 
houses on each separate farm, to group together 
in a little village the buildings for a number of 
surrounding farms. In most parts, there is suf- 
ficient water in numerous small springs to fur- 
nish water for the animals of an organization. 

Cattle will frequently be encountered on the 
roads. They will show no inclination or haste 
to make way for traffic. 

Railroad crossings are attended by a gate- 
keeper, who closes the gates on the ap^-oach 
of trains. 

Troop movements in the zone of the army are 
regulated by military orders. These prescribe 
Troop Move- troops taking part in the move- 
zo e neofthe e ment, time and place of departure, 
Army> the route to be followed, and the 

regulations as to time when such are necessary, 
in order to avoid confusion with other troop 
movements in the sector. Good march order 
and discipline are necessary to insure that a 

52 



MARCHING ACROSS FRANCE 

command keeps well closed up and clears speci- 
fied points promptly on time. 

In marching across France, when the journey 
takes several days, arrangements are made by 
the Quartermaster's Department for the supply 
of rations and forage at convenient railroad 
points. Lodgings for the command at night 
must be obtained by a system of billeting. 
5 



VIII 

BILLETS AND BILLETING 

A system of billeting troops is devised for 
the purpose of giving lodgings and shelter 
to troops not provided with tentage. This is 
possible in a thickly settled country, such as 
France. 

Regulations in regard to billeting troops are 
prescribed by the laws of France. The necessity 
for billeting troops is left to the orders of proper 
military authority. The duty of providing bil- 
lets is obligatory upon the inhabitants. The 
manner in which billeting shall be carried on is 
also prescribed by law. A military officer, 
called Major de Cantonnement, is designated to 
have charge of billeting in a certain town or area. 
His decision on the number of billets to be pro- 
vided by each house is made in accordance with 
the French law. 

54 



BILLETS AND BILLETING 

Certain classes of people, such as widows, are 
exempt from furnishing billets. 

While the law makes the furnishing of billets 
obligatory, it is well, as a matter of policy, to 
avoid any attitude that will tend to arouse the 
opposition or resentment of inhabitants. It 
must be remembered that after three years of 
warfare there have probably been numerous in- 
stances in which the inhabitants have not been 
particularly fortunate in regard to their experi- 
ences. Accordingly, if their attitude seems 
somewhat reluctant on the question of furnish- 
ing billets, it may be through no hostility or ill- 
will toward American troops arriving in the 
sector, but merely a reluctance to undergo a 
repetition of what may have proved a disagree- 
able experience in the past. 

The law provides that officers' billets shall be 
furnished with a bed for each officer. Billets 
for the men are usually in the form of bunks, 
although in the fall of the year it is customary 
for the men to sleep in hay -lofts. Houses in 
French country villages are built on a plan 
different from any to which we are accustomed 
in the States. The living quarters for the fam- 
ily, the stalls for cattle and horses, shelter for 

55 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

wagons and machinery, hay-loft and grain- 
rooms, are all combined in one building. This 
idea of having a house and stable at close 
quarters seems natural enough to people who 
have been accustomed to nothing better, but 
it certainly does not appeal to our American 
ideas. However, as this is all that can be ob- 
tained, our troops of necessity are compelled to 
make the best of the situation. To provide 
accommodations for horses, it is usual to move 
the wagons out from under cover and to place 
as many horses under shelter as can be accom- 
modated. 

It is necessary to use the following system in 
arranging for billets on the march. The towns 
and villages that will be occupied for the night 
are designated in the march orders. One officer 
to have general supervision and one officer from 
each organization, with one or more non-com- 
missioned assistants, are sent forward in advance 
of the troops to confer with the mayor of the 
town or with the Major de Cantonnement. They 
have a list showing the strength of the organiza- 
tion in officers, men, and horses. A town or 
certain section of the town sufficient to lodge 
the required number of men is assigned to each 

56 



BILLETS AND BILLETING 

organization. The billet officer sent forward by 
the organization receives from the mayor indi- 
cation of how many officers, men, and horses can 
be billeted in each house. 

It is well to carry some pieces of chalk, if 
these numbers are not already painted on the 
sides of the houses, to chalk them up for refer- 
ence in assigning sections to billets. By making 
a reference list of the houses by number, the 
number of men and horses assigned to each, a 
billet officer can check his figures so as to be 
certain that he has sufficient billets for all the 
men in his organization. His non-commissioned 
assistants accompany him on this work. He 
makes the assignments for the sections at the 
same time he ascertains the number of men 
quartered in each house. This assignment can 
be chalked on the house. Non-commissioned 
assistants also keep a list, so as to be able to act 
as guides in directing the sections to the quarters 
assigned them. 

If no suitable place can be found, carriages of 
artillery organizations can be parked for the 
night along the side of the street, close to the 
curb, so as to leave the street open for traffic. 
There are no lights in French towns at night, so 

57 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

it is necessary to have all work of getting settled 
complete before dark if possible. The details 
of looking out for the men and animals must 
be largely turned over to the chiefs of sections. 
The organization is forced to work as a number 
of small units, due to the way in which it is 
broken up in assigning billets. 

The billet officer is a busy person. Before the 
arrival of his organization it is necessary for 
him to have completed the arrange- 
Bmetofficer. ments of the following particulars 
so that he can return to meet his 
organization upon its arrival in the town and 
give it directions concerning the things it needs 
to know immediately upon its arrival. 

The first thing is to direct the organization 
to the billet park, and to show the mess sergeant 
the location of the kitchen and of the water- 
supply. His non-commissioned assistants can 
direct the organization to the place for watering 
horses and then show each section its assignment 
of billets for men and horses. If wood has been 
arranged for by the supply officer, information 
as to when it will be delivered or where it can be 
procured must be given to the mess sergeant. 
The same is true of rations and forage. If the 

58 



BILLETS AND BILLETING 

organization desires to make purchases of vege- 
tables, etc., for the mess, information as to 
stores where these can be procured should be 
given to the mess sergeant. 

A list of assignments of officers' billets is made 
so that each officer can send his hand-baggage 
and toilet articles to his lodgings. 

The following little devices will be found useful 
in arranging for billets. It is, of course, a con- 
siderable task and puts the inhab- 
courte°sy= itants to a certain amount of in- 

convenience to be required to 
furnish lodgings for troops. As a general rule, 
the closer one gets to the firing-line the less 
reluctance or objection is encountered. A little 
courtesy, however, smooths out a great many 
difficulties for the billet officer. If he is fortu- 
nate enough to be able to speak French he can 
really get along quite well. The first person 
with whom he consults is the town mayor, in 
French, maire. This official has the list of 
houses in his village, with number of officers, 
men, and horses assigned to each for billeting. 
He accompanies the billet officer in making his 
rounds and acts as intermediary between him 
and the proprietors. The billet officer, by an 

59 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

attitude of courtesy, sympathy, and good-will, 
can do a great deal toward establishing relations 
that will result to the advantage of his organi- 
zation upon its arrival. One little device that 
never fails of its purpose is to thank the people 
for their kindness and to tell them how much 
you appreciate their offering shelter and hos- 
pitality to your men. As a matter of fact, they 
are not offering it, but are required by law to 
furnish it. However, the polite little fiction 
serves its purpose, as the proprietor, out of 
courtesy, will invariably respond that it is a 
very great pleasure to be of service to the Army 
of America, their allies in the war, and, what is 
better, he will live up to this attitude in furnish- 
ing hospitality to the men upon their arrival. 
It will be noted that the same thing holds true 
concerning the attitude of the enlisted men. 
Those who can speak French and are courteous 
in their attitude toward the inhabitants are 
shown a great many kindnesses almost from the 
moment of their arrival. The whole matter is 
an illustration of the old saying that "to have 
friends, you must first show yourself friendly.' ' 
Wood is practically the only fuel supplied in 
many parts of France. The people exercise 



BILLETS AND BILLETING 

great care and saving in its use. They have 
but little fire for heating-purposes. Our troops 
will always have difficulty over their 
wood. fuel -supply. Arrangements must 

be made with the Quartermaster to 
supply wood the same as he supplies rations and 
forage. Men must be cautioned to respect prop- 
erty rights and not to make way with some in- 
habitant's little supply of wood on a cold night. 

Each organization, upon its departure from 
the village where it has been billeted, obtains 
from the mayor a statement called bien vivre, 
showing that there are no claims for damages; 
that everything has been satisfactory in regard 
to the conduct of troops in the billet. If there 
are any claims for damages, an officer must be 
left behind to investigate them, make arrange- 
ments for settling them, and rejoin his organi- 
zation on the march. 

As many of the men will sleep in hay-lofts 
or in bunks filled with hay, there is great danger 
from fire, either from smoking or 
£ a Bfiiet of Fire from open lights, such as candles 
at night. For their own protec- 
tion, men must exercise extreme vigilance in 
guarding against such danger. 

61 



IX 

ARRIVAL AT THE FRONT 

As the organization approaches its sector at 
the front, it will encounter an increasing num- 
ber of signs of military activity. The sound of 
the heavy guns will increase in distinctness and 
intensity. Increasing amount of military traffic 
will be encountered — organizations, ammuni- 
tion-trains, motor-truck companies. From fif- 
teen to twenty miles back of the line, the organi- 
zation will enter the area where steel helmets 
are worn and gas-masks are carried. At a point 
designated on their orders they will be met by 
guides to conduct them to their places in the 
sector. They will find that the front has con- 
siderable depth. Not all organizations, nor 
even all men in one organization, are habitually 
in the first-line firing-trenches. 

In case of field-artillery organization the or- 

62 



ARRIVAL AT THE FRONT 

ganization will be conducted to the location of 
the echelon. This is the place where the horses 
and caissons will be located. It may be as 
much as three miles behind the position the 
firing battery will occupy. From this place the 
battery commander goes forward to reconnoiter 
the sector or position he will occupy. The ques- 
tion of constructing his battery position and of 
putting his firing battery into action are ques- 
tions of tactics at the front. 

When an organization arrives at the location 
of its echelon its journey is completed. From 
then on it is faced with the actual work of 
operations at the front. 



CONCLUSION 

Arrival at the front marks the completion of 
one stage in an officer's military career and the 
history of the organization he commands. It 
marks the end of the work of preparation, of 
training, and the time of waiting, and marks the 
beginning of active service in the face of the 
enemy. It marks the time when the discipline 
of an organization is going to be put to the real 
test, when it will be shown whether each man 
is imbued with an iron determination and a reso- 
lute spirit to win, that will enable his organiza- 
tion to succeed in spite of all difficulties and 
hardships. 

It is hoped that the notes contained in this 
little book may prove of service to organizations 
bound for the front, on the principle that "fore- 
warned is forearmed." 

64 



CONCLUSION 

It is natural at the front for men to place their 
reliance upon the officer who knows and whom 
they feel is competent to direct them well and 
wisely. During the long stages of the journey 
from the States to the front they will be forming 
their impressions of what an officer can do by the 
way in which he meets the various problems of 
the journey. If he has been able to meet these 
problems with wisdom and forethought, his men 
will rely upon his ability to handle the problems 
at the front. 

It is the author's hope that this little book 
may be of use to each officer in giving him this 
kind of a hold upon the confidence of his men, 
and that when he takes them into action they 
may make a record all will be proud to have 
handed down in the history of their organiza- 
tion. 



APPENDIX 

NOTES ON OFFICERS' EQUIPMENT 

Travel light. Take only necessary articles. 
Do not burden yourself with useless equipment. 
A steamer trunk, bedding roll, and suit-case or 
traveling-bag should be sufficient to contain all 
of your equipment. The necessary articles of 
officers' equipment are specified in uniform 
regulations. Service in France has developed 
some conditions not foreseen, and a number of 
changes have already been made in the Amer- 
ican Expeditionary Force to meet the new re- 
quirements. 

No one sees a saber worn in the American 
Expeditionary Force. Many officers carry them 
to France by order, but they are 
saber. worse than useless for field service, 

as they are an actual encumbrance. 
Instead of wearing a saber, officers in the Ex- 
peditionary Force are required to wear a Sam 

66 



APPENDIX 

Browne belt at all times except when on duty 
in the trenches. This belt is a russet-leather 
belt with shoulder-strap that crosses diagonally 
over the body and right shoulder. This strap 
has a buckle about breast-high in front, and 
can be unfastened for the purpose of removing 
the belt. The belt is worn with the strap run- 
ning underneath the shoulder-strap on the right 
shoulder. These belts are now an insignia of a 
commissioned officer in all the allied armies. 
They were adopted for use in the American 
Expeditionary Force because of the fact that 
our officers' uniform has none of the usual 
distinctive marks recognized as officers' in- 
signia in foreign armies. Our officers' insignia 
are worn on the shoulders. Those in the French 
Army are worn on the sleeve, just above the 
cuff, and upon the cap. However, since the 
Sam Browne belt is now a part of the officers' 
equipment in the French Army and in all parts 
of the British Army, its adoption for the Amer- 
ican Expeditionary Force enables foreigners to 
distinguish an American officer from an enlisted 
man. This seems to be its sole purpose as a 
part of our uniform. In the trenches the Sam 
Browne belt is not worn, but an officer carries a 

67 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

trench cane. It is a heavy cane with a sharp 
steel point extending about two inches beyond 
the wood. This cane is certainly a handy article 
during wet weather in the trenches. 

The campaign hat is prescribed for wear in 
France, but usually within the limits of some- 
where between twelve to twenty miles from the 
front steel helmets are required to be worn by 
order. The model used by our first troops 
resulted in all the men taking cold in the head. 
The men quickly adopted the device of wearing 
underneath the helmet, to avoid taking cold, a 
woolen skull-cap. A cloth cap made on a French 
model has also been issued to our troops. It 
can be readily rolled up and carried in the 
pocket. When worn it has a peak or ridge that 
extends from the front to the rear and ear-flaps 
that can be pulled down in cold weather. 

During the wet weather of winter many offi- 
cers wear a combined rain-coat and overcoat. 
This is really a rain-coat lined with overcoat 
material. Long overcoats are not suitable for 
use in the trenches. 

A pair of fur-lined gloves will be very com- 
fortable during winter weather. 

Most officers quickly adopt the expedient of 

68 



APPENDIX 

keeping their good uniform in reserve and of 
wearing issue clothing in the trenches. Due to 
the fact that no one will have the comforts and 
heating arrangements on service at the front to 
which he has been accustomed in the States, 
heavier winter clothing will be required than 
what one ordinarily uses. An officer will need at 
least three suits of heavy woolen underclothes. 

The care of the feet during the cold weather 
of winter is a problem that one does not en- 
counter during service in the States. A supply 
of vaseline must be kept on hand to be rubbed 
into the feet. This sounds rather peculiar, but 
experience will quickly show what a wise pro- 
vision it is as protection against cold and chil- 
blains. This should be applied every morning 
on dressing and every evening on going to bed. 
Excess supply can be wiped off as a matter of 
maintaining a cleanliness of one's bed. 

One gets extra-large shoes and wears two 
pairs of socks. Tight shoes result in extreme 
discomfort from cold. An excellent device is to 
wear a pair of lisle or silk socks over which a 
thick pair of woolen socks can be drawn. Issue 
shoes are the best for field service. 

A pair of leather leggings and also woolen 

6 69 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

spiral puttees are necessary for an officer. It is 
a mistake to take any kind of leather boots that 
cannot be unlaced down the front. The reason 
for this is that an officer will find it impossible 
to remove the ordinary forms of boots after a 
cold, wet day. 

As to rubber boots, half -hip rubber boots are 
the only kind to be taken. Short-length rubber 
boots are unsuitable, as they permit the knees 
to be exposed to the wet. 

Special measures have to be taken for the 
care of leather goods, especially during the win- 
ter, when most of the time is wet and cold. 
Neat's-foot oil will soften the leather, but it is 
not a sufficient protection against wet. Some 
heavy oil, such as vaseline or lard, should be 
melted, and a good coating of it rubbed into the 
leather at least once a week. This coat of oil 
fills the pores of the leather and keeps out the 
water. 

All troops at the front wear two identification 
tags. One around the neck and one on the 
wrist. For sanitary reasons, an officer will find 
it desirable, instead of using identification tag 
with cloth tape, to get a little gold or silver chain 
at some jewelry-store. Most officers wear a little 

70 



APPENDIX 

silver name-plate on the wrist, attached by a 
small silver chain. A wrist watch with a lumi- 
nous dial is a necessity. A screw case for same 
is a protection against moisture. One's com- 
pass should also have a luminous dial. 

The following supply of medicine occupies al- 
most no space and will be found very convenient 
as a part of one's personal equipment. 

A little bottle of Park, Davis & Co.'s pills 
No. 27 — aloin, strychnine, and belladonna, con- 
taining one hundred in a small bottle for use as 
a laxative. 

Same company's nasal tablets No. M.20, to 
be dissolved in water and used as a preventa- 
tive against colds, sore throat, etc. 

A bottle of Bell-ans tablets for indigestion. 

A small vial of tincture of iodine or a bottle of 
synol soap, to be used as a disinfectant for cuts 
and injuries. 

It is desirable during the cold wet weather to 
have a garment which is not only warm enough 
to serve as a protection against 
Ra£coaS. and cold, but which at the same time is 
able to shed rain. An overcoat is 
unsuitable during a cold rain because it will 
get wet through. It is often necessary to wear 

71 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

a raincoat or slicker over it. A design of com- 
bined overcoat and raincoat is quite satisfac- 
tory. It consists of a good quality raincoat 
with a warm lining. The lining is detachable, so 
that when the temperature moderates, the lin- 
ing may be removed and the raincoat alone be 
used. It is understood that firms in the States 
are now manufacturing this kind of a coat. 
There are also a number of firms in Paris which 
make a specialty of them. Burberry's, No. 8, 
Boulevard Malesherbes, is one of those well 
known. A long overcoat is unsuited for use in 
the trenches. The popular form is a short 
length. 

Raincoats, slickers, bedding-rolls, sleeping- 
bags, and shelter-tents can be rendered water- 
proof by painting with boiled linseed-oil. The 
boiled oil dries more quickly than the raw oil. 
When it dries, it forms an integral part of the 
fabric, filling the pores, and rendering the 
material water-proof. After the coating of oil 
has thoroughly dried it will not soil the clothing. 
Apply the oil in thin coats and allow it to dry 
before using the garment. 

Officers in France will miss the convenient 
arrangements for handling their personal funds 

72 



APPENDIX 

and organization funds, to which they have 
grown accustomed in the States. In the first 
place, the system of check accounts 
Arrangements, at a bank, and the practice of pay- 
ing bills by check is not practised in 
anything like the extent that it is in all business 
in the States. Consequently one is put to many 
inconveniences in attempting to pay bills by 
check. This is so even when the checks are on 
local French banks. It is impossible, except at 
a few branches of American banking institutions, 
to get American checks cashed, or even accepted 
for deposit. Government checks on the United 
States treasurer are the one exception. On them 
the rate of exchange is better than on gold. 

Several large American banks and express 
companies have branches in Paris and in the 
zone of the American forces. Officers will find 
it more convenient to deal with these than to 
carry the entire amount of their personal and 
organization funds in cash. By drawing a sup- 
ply of cash at intervals, and using it to pay bills 
as they are incurred, one can avoid the difficul- 
ties encountered in attempting to pay bills by 
check. It is not meant to imply that American 
checks are regarded with especial suspicion. 

73 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Business conditions, especially in the provinces, 
are such that the people are unaccustomed to 
the use of checks. What seems to us the most 
natural custom, because of its convenience, is 
too much of an innovation to prove a conven- 
ience in the usual French town. In the end it 
proves to be quicker to draw one's money from 
the bank in person and to use cash in payment 
of bills. With the enlargement of American 
forces, it is probable that the branches of the 
American banking institutions in the field will 
be increased in number. 

The personal expenses of an officer depend 
upon where he is stationed and what duty he 

is performing. While serving with 
Expenses. troops at the front, one's mess bill 

is about the only expense one has 
an opportunity to incur. If on staff duty at 
headquarters in some of the larger towns or 
cities, an officer can spend as much of his pay 
as he desires, for he has the opportunity to do 
so. At most places on this kind of duty, his 
expenses will not average much less than one 
hundred dollars a month. They do not need 
to exceed this unless the officer so chooses. At 
training-camp, or instruction-camp, necessary 

74 



APPENDIX 

expenses will not run over fifty dollars a month. 
At the front, or at a training-camp, an officer 
has no expense for quarters, as they are fur- 
nished by the Government. On duty at head- 
quarters, some officers hired lodgings at first. 
It is thought that it will probably be necessary 
to arrange for the same system of billeting as is 
in force near the front, when large numbers of 
officers are on duty in a town with but limited 
accommodations. If this is the case, the Gov- 
ernment pays one franc per day for each fur- 
nished room with bed, and they are assigned 
officers as quarters without expense to the 
officers. 

Nothing definite can be estimated in regard 
to one's expenses on leave. Railroad fare can 
be obtained at the military rate of one fourth 
the regular fare, by showing one's leave order 
at the ticket-window. In the larger stations, as 
in Paris, a special window is reserved for the 
use of persons in the military service, and mili- 
tary tickets are not sold at the window for the 
general public. Knowledge of this may save 
some confusion and inconvenience in case one's 
time is limited and likewise one's knowledge of 
French. 

75 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Hotel rooms in Paris vary from one to four 
dollars. The latter price should secure an ex- 
cellent room with bath. By military order, the 
Paris hotels have gone back to the good old 
custom of the Saturday -night bath. Cold water 
only is supplied at all other times. 

Meals vary so much according to the restau- 
rant and the food ordered that in general 
nothing more definite can be said than that 
most prices are slightly less than those of res- 
taurants of the corresponding class in New York. 
Theater tickets are somewhat lower in price 
than in American theaters. 

While on leave in Paris the extent of pur- 
chases, clothing, equipment, etc., is one of the 
principal items of an expense account. 

The best way of sending money to the States, 
and by far the safest way, is to take advantage 
of recent legislation, and send the 
?o en thl n st^t°es. ey money by allotment through the 
Depot Quartermaster, Washington, 
D. C. Most officers will find that they can 
transfer a considerable portion of their pay to 
the States. Before permission to make allot- 
ments of officers' pay was received, one conven- 
ient method of transferring money to the States 

76 



APPENDIX 

was to draw one month's pay in France, and 
send the following month's voucher to the 
Depot Quartermaster, Washington, D. C, for 
deposit as credit on one's banking account. If 
the voucher was lost no actual money was lost, 
and this arrangement was as safe as could be 
devised. 

Lists of Clothing and Equipment 

The best advice that can be given is to take 
only necessary articles. Every officer is tempted 
to take more than he will really need, and to 
load himself down with many articles for which 
he will have small use. Useless articles are only 
a bother. Take care to be provided with 
necessaries, and take as much care not to be 
tempted to buy things that cannot be put to 
frequent use. It is better to do without some 
article that can be used only once in a great 
while than it is to have to bother with it all 
the rest of the time. 

ORDNANCE EQUIPMENT 

Canteen, cup, and canteen cover. 
Knife, fork, and spoon. 
Meat-can. 

77 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

Haversack. (Old model is very convenient for an 
officer's use.) 

Pistol, belt, and holster. (Furnished by organi- 
zation.) 

First-aid pouch. 

Magazine pocket, and two extra magazines. (Fur- 
nished by organization.) 

Bacon and condiment cans. (Prescribed, but sel- 
dom used.) 

QUARTERMASTER SUPPLIES 

Trunk locker. 

Cot. 

Bedding roll. (Water-proofed by painting with 
boiled linseed oil.) 

Clothing roll. 

Blankets (3). 

Shelter tent, poles, and pins. (Furnished by organi- 
zation.) 

CLOTHING LIST 

3 O. D. woolen shirts. 
2 Pair shoes. 

12 Pair socks (light wool and lisle). 

4 Pair socks (heavy woolen). 
1 Pair leather leggings. 

1 Pair spiral woolen puttees. 
4 Pair shoe-laces. 

78 



APPENDIX 

2 O. D. woolen uniforms. 

2 0. D. cotton uniforms. (One extra pair of 

breeches advised.) 
1 Waist belt. 
1 Pair leather gloves. 
1 Pair woolen gloves. 
1 Combined overcoat and raincoat. 
1 Hat. 

1 Pair rubber boots, hip or half hip. 
6 Undershirts (3 wool, 3 cotton). 

6 Drawers (3 wool, 3 cotton). 
12 Handkerchiefs, khaki colored. 
6 Towels, face and bath. 

2 Pajamas, flannel. 

2 Sets collar ornaments and insignia. 

1 Set insignia for next higher grade. 
Buttons and ring-fasteners for O. D. cotton uni- 
forms. 

1 Woolen skull cap to wear with steel helmet in 
winter. 

1 Red Cross sweater. 

1 Pair wristlets. 

FIELD-GLASSES 

The Signal Corps Type EE field-glass is as good 
as can be obtained at the present time. It is a bet- 
ter glass than most of those for sale by private 
firms, and much more reasonable in price. 

79 



TRAVELING UNDER ORDERS 

TOILET ARTICLES 

Hair-brush and comb. 

Carbolic soap and metal soap-box. (Bottle of Synol 

soap is excellent.) 
Tooth-brush and case. Tooth-powder. 
Razors, shaving-soap, and shaving-brush. 
Shaving-strop. 

Medicines. Laxative, disinfectant, etc. 
Mirror. 
Talcum powder. i 

MISCELLANEOUS ARTICLES 

Wrist watch. Luminous dial and screw case, moist- 
ure-proof. 

Compass, luminous dial. 

Whistle. 

Hunting-knife or strong jack-knife. 

Fountain-pen, note-book, and pencils. 

Writing-paper and envelopes. 

Electric flash. (Get one in France, where new bat- 
teries of same shape can be obtained for refilling.) 

Toilet paper. 

Woven names for marking clothing. 

Matches. 

Canvas bucket and basin. 

Suit-case or hand-bag. (A great convenience.) 



